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What can we learn in 2025 from the 100-year-old Scopes Trial?
Jan 08, 2025
Based on popular demand, the American Schism series will renew in 2025 with a look at science-based public policy caught in the crossfires of today’s culture wars.
Readers often send me comments on how this series effectively sheds light on our contemporary political divisions through careful examination and analysis of our own American history, since so many of our present issues are derivative of conflicts long brewing in our past. As I wrote last year on these pages, history can act as a salve for our present-day wounds if we apply it.
As the new year begins, one of the most salient features of our contemporary schism is the one at the intersection of science and policy. With Robert Kennedy Jr. incoming as head of Health and Human Services (pending Senate confirmation), speculation abounds regarding his plans: will he proceed with the halting of vaccine mandates and removing drinking water fluoride, despite rock-solid evidence of those same policies’ salutary results? Or, by contrast, will Kennedy take on the food lobby by advocating stricter regulations on food additives that pose potential health risks, certainly worthy of consideration?
As Kennedy begins his campaign tour among US Senators, despite his previous comments, both Fox News and CNN report that the status quo looks safe, at least as far as the polio vaccine is concerned. Nonetheless, many questions remain, given Donald Trump’s previously demonstrated antipathy toward scientific expertise. So, considering science and public policy, what lessons can we learn from our history?
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One hundred years ago, John Scopes was accused of violating a Tennessee state law that prohibited teaching the theory of evolution in schools. The 1925 Scopes trial pitted the great defense attorney of the time, Clarence Darrow, against the three-time presidential candidate Williams Jennings Bryan, labeled “the Great Commoner.” A present-day version of this trial seems entirely plausible and even likely in the next few years when, predictably, a doctor provides an abortion in a state that has outlawed such.
In 1925, nearly 160 reporters covered the trial, thereby providing ample records of the events. During the Scopes trial, all copies of the biology textbook in question were sold out. In an unnerving parallel, the NYT recently cited a Guttmacher Institute study indicating that “in nearly every state that has banned abortion, the number of women receiving abortions increased between 2020 and the end of 2023.”
During the Scopes trial, despite the high level of drama and conflict, the mood on the ground was reportedly jubilant and even circus-like. Vendors sold food and drinks and, for penny change, street performers photographed willing citizens with Chimpanzees. According to Keeping the Faith, a new book by award-winning historian Brenda Wineapple, everyone seemed to join in the fun: university students petitioned the legislature to “amend the law of gravity and do something about the excessive speed of light.” One of the journalists covering the proceedings, George Schuyler, interviewed a gorilla at the Bronx Zoo who expressed outrage at the appalling idea of being related to people. The primate was quoted: Nobody had ever seen us carry on, lynching each other, filling up jails, or overworking our little ones …Did you ever hear of monkeys allowing one of their race to appropriate all the trees in the jungle and then force others to pay him rent?
The similarities between 1925 and 2025 are truly remarkable, revealing the continuity in our culture wars vis-à-vis conflicts between science and religion. Just as in 1925, the city-dwelling “cultured crowd” and the rest of the country took opposite sides. During the Scopes trial, there was considerable evidence of contempt on both sides as scientists searching for truth clashed with white fundamentalists threatened by an assault on their religion. Like today, there were also aspects of the split related to race and the acute perception among Christian men of the 1920s that they were losing ground to the millions of Catholic and Jewish immigrants who had flooded the country decades prior. Further, the recent enfranchisement of women added to men’s concerns.
The underlying tension throughout the proceedings (radio broadcast to the entire nation) positioned “educated” city residents as resolute opposition to the local townspeople. In the present-day parallel, we see today’s fiercest cultural warriors emerging from nonurban parts of America that missed out on the tech boom enriching coastal cities.
But here is one crucial contrasting element: while the America of 1925 certainly had its share of violence, the political divisions around the epoch’s culture wars evinced scant animosity. Before the trial, local Tennessee businessmen put up Scopes's bail money as they didn’t want to see their kids’ teacher jailed. Not only were Darrow and Bryan friendly, but once Scopes had lost the case, Bryan volunteered to pay the associated fines.
The environment could not be more different today, where candidates at every level of government make a continual practice of weaponizing culture war disputes. The stoking of divisiveness, rage, and acrimony to win elections has become standard play in this century. In Scopes day, both sides of the debate respected each other, sharing many meals together and managing to co-exist without hatred. Perhaps that lesson can form the basis of a collective New Year’s resolution in 2025.
If only.
Seth David Radwell is the author of “American Schism: How the Two Enlightenments Hold the Secret to Healing our Nation” and serves on the Advisory Councils at Business for America, RepresentUs, and The Grand Bargain Project. This is the first entry in a 10-part series on the American Schism in 2025.
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Chicago South Siders impacted by air pollution can help shape future environmental policy
Jan 08, 2025
Communities in the southwest and southeast sides of Chicago impacted by the adverse effects of air pollution from truck traffic, warehouses, and factory operations have the opportunity to change their future. But what exactly are they experiencing, and how can they change it?
For the greater part of the last year, officials, including State Sen. Javier Cervantes (D-1) and 12th Ward Ald, Julia Ramirez and others from organizations such as the Environmental Defense Fund have been drafting Senate Bill 838. The bill aims to curb environmental injustices, such as air pollution caused by heavy truck traffic and industrial practices, that overburden Chicago’s Southwest and Southeast communities.
According to data distributed by the Illinois Environmental Council and the Environmental Defense Fund, exposure to pollution released from diesel trucks and buses can be deadly. While diesel vehicles only constitute 7% of the road traffic in Illinois, they are responsible for 67% of nitrogen oxide (NOx) and 59% of particulate matter 2.5 emissions in the air. High levels of NOx can produce foul smells, irritate skin and eyes, and damage respiratory airways. PM2.5 are microscopic solids or liquids that can enter your lungs and bloodstream. Both diesel pollution and PM2.5 have been linked to severe health conditions such as asthma, heart disease, and strokes.
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Air Quality and Health Index, Chicago 2020. January 2020. Credit: City of Chicago Air Quality and Health Report.
Community organizer and Executive Director of Neighbors for Environmental Justice, Alfredo Romo, says that maps, such as the ones above, illuminate the disparity of environmental impact:
“Once you put them side to side, you will see what environmental racism looks like, and you will see how much of the Southwest Side and the Southeast Side are becoming the black lungs of the city’s infrastructure. And that's what we're saying. You know, how can we pump the brakes on any more heavy industry coming in overburdened communities?” Romo said.
The passage of Senate Bill 838 is one way. While it would aim to monitor and control pollution caused by truck traffic and industrial practices, SB838 would also focus on increasing the transparency of trucking and warehouse practices in adversely affected communities by developing environmental policy that prioritizes them. As the language stands, much of the responsibility for action falls to the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency (referenced 41 times throughout SB838).
A screenshot from the Chicago Truck Data Portal, a study that counted truck density in adversely affected Chicago neighborhoods. May 17, 2023. (Credit: Center for Neighborhood Technology)
“The bill is crucial for addressing uncertainty about proper air pollution sources, improving the well-being of citizens disproportionately impacted by harmful pollution, and achieving our climate goals,” Cervantes said during the most recent town hall about SB838, held this fall.
With hope for SB838’s passage by early next year, those involved emphasize that this cannot be done without relying on the voices of residents of Southwest and Southeast Chicago. This sentiment is reflected in the current language of SB838.
In addition to its main goals of increased transparency and regulation, SB838 aims to amplify community voices by establishing a council where community members can directly contribute to policy solutions.
“Pollution is distributed unevenly, impacts overburdened communities disproportionately, and varies on a block-by-block basis;,” reads the first clause of Section 9.20. of SB838.
The council established under the SB838 amendment would be called the Health and Equity Advisory Council. The council’s main aims would be to,
“Make findings, conclusions, and recommendations regarding environmental justice in the State and uses of federal funds provided to the State for environmental justice,” states the current language in SB838.
The makeup of the Council’s members is what makes this development unique and pressing for community members uniquely impacted by environmental injustices in Chicago. At least two voting members (of which there are currently nine proposed spots) are to be reserved for “representatives of communities with heavy truck traffic.” There are also six proposed non-voting member seats on the Council, which, according to SB838, would be filled by representatives of community organizations,
“(A) one representative of a labor organization; (B) one representative of a statewide organization representing manufacturers; (C) 2 representatives of faith-based organizations; and (D) 2 representatives of health organizations.”
Members of the Council would share the responsibility of translating the lived experiences of Chicago Southsiders to guide future policy recommendations. While amplifying Southside voices is essential to the further development of SB838, those involved with the legislation emphasize that it has been a continuous challenge to get community members involved.
When it comes to lack of community involvement, Neda Deylami, lawyer and Vehicle Electrification Manager for the Environmental Defense Fund, said in November,
“I think that this comes up in every kind of environmental justice policy that I've personally been involved in or that I've witnessed. I think people are used to feeling disempowered.”
Romo of the N4EJ offered a different perspective from his years of experience doing community-based environmental advocacy as a resident of the Southwest Side.
“For one, we’re dealing with low-income communities. You know, Black and Brown and immigrant communities. When you really analyze those demographics, you will see that a lot of our people are working for these [trucking and factory] industries,” said Romo, “It’s very hard for them to push back on these industries because they do depend on them to put food on the table.”
Romo also cites language fluency as a challenge to involving the community in legislative development.
Despite these struggles, Romo and the N4EJ are continuing to canvas the Southwest and Southeast Sides to raise awareness of the environmental justice issues that plague these communities. They are not alone. Organizations such as the Little Village Environmental Justice Organization, Center for Neighborhood Technology, and Fish Transportation Group, Inc. are also working to collect data that validates people’s lived experiences.
Similarly, representatives and officials will continue to act as an open ear, hosting town halls and community events to better understand the unique needs of the Southwest and Southeast communities and inform the legislative development of SB838.
If you have experienced or been impacted by truck/air pollution in your job or neighborhood and would like to share your experience, please contact Neda Deylami at ndeylami@EDF.org. Your feedback and experiences are important to inform SB838 and shape future environmental policies.
Britton Struthers-Lugo is a reporter with the Medill News Service at Northwestern University, a freelance journalist, and a photographer.
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American Democracy Forum: Audra Watson
Jan 08, 2025
"As America approaches its 250th birthday, growing polarization threatens our national unity, democracy, and security. We can’t afford to wait—we must address this divisiveness now," reads The Institute for Citizens & Scholars' mission in charting a peaceful path forward with well-informed citizens, productively engaged and committed to democracy.
The Institute for Citizens & Scholars brings together leaders from all backgrounds to transform college campuses, workplaces, and communities into spaces where young people can bridge divides and solve problems.
Audra Watson is the Chief of Youth Civic Programs with C&S. She leads youth-facing initiatives seeking to activate young people so that they have the skills needed to discuss important topics that divide us and can constructively engage in problem-solving within their communities.
She and I met at the National Conference on Citizenship, hosted in Washington, DC, in December. I had the chance to meet some of the winners of the Youth Civic Solutions Competition, who discussed innovative ideas for civic engagement from a youth perspective. Learn more about the program and the brilliant students by reading The next generation of civic innovators offers hope for democracy by Bradford Fitch.
I had the opportunity to speak with Audra Watson in a recent episode of American Democracy Forum, where she shared with me the work she leads with C&S, her experience as an educator, and who and what inspires her work.
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Click here to watch the interview: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hNF6c UOGe70
Previously, Watson held several leadership positions within the New York City Department of Education. In her role as Executive Director, she spearheaded strategies dedicated to supporting and retaining early career teachers within the school district. Serving as the Director of Mentoring & Induction, Audra took the helm in creating a district region-wide induction plans tailored for new educators. She earned her BA in Political Science from Carleton College, MA in Education from Columbia University, and Ph.D. in Urban Education Policy from the City University of New York Graduate Center.
Here are other Change Leaders who I had the opportunity to interview as part of the American Democracy Forum series:
- Sam Daley Harris, founder of Civic Courage
- Sylvia Puente, President & CEO, Latino Policy Forum
- Jaisal Noor, Solutions Journalism Network's Democracy Cohort Manager
I am the Fulcrum's executive editor. As a journalist, I take a collaborative approach to paving the path forward to a more informed and engaged citizenry, fortifying the foundations of democracy.
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Behind the “Lie of the Year,” some bitter truths
Jan 08, 2025
As it has been doing yearly since 2009, the fact-checking organization PolitiFact has chosen the Lie of the Year (2024). There was an abundance of nominees.
And, it turns out, they chose the same whopper I identified as a top contender months ago: President-elect Donald Trump’s unfounded claim that Haitian migrants were eating the household pets of Springfield, Ohio.
“In Springfield, they’re eating the dogs,” said the former and now future Republican president during his Sept. 10 debate with his Democratic rival, Vice President Kamala Harris.
“The people that came in,” he continued to a TV audience of an estimated 67 million viewers. “They’re eating the cats. They’re eating, they’re eating the pets of the people that live there. And this is what’s happening in our country. And it’s a shame.”
Oh, really? An astonished-looking Harris gave an incredulous laugh, but the line was not a new one for Trump and his MAGA movement supporters, including his running mate, Sen. JD Vance, whom Politifact co-credited for the Lie of the Year.
Yet, before I happily rip into that bone-headed attempt to slander innocent refugees living and working peacefully in Springfield, according to local officials and Ohio’s Republican Gov. Mike DeWine, who have welcomed their labor to the economically troubled town near where I grew up, allow me to note a leading alternative nominee in the eyes of some prominent conservative commentators: Democratic President Joe Biden.
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“It’s hard to imagine a more perfect encapsulation of the total rot of American media than this,” huffed Dylan Housman, editor-in-chief of the conservative Daily Caller, in a column decrying Politifact’s choice for the dubious award.
Trump’s and Vance’s lie, Housman offered, “is the equivalent of a speck of dirt sitting at the base of a mountain that is one of the biggest scandals in American political history: the lie that Joe Biden was acting as president in 2024 and was mentally capable of serving another four years.”
Biden’s whopper deserves more attention, wrote Housman, “because it tells us the media has learned nothing. Through all the navel-gazing, post-mortems and autopsies, the corporate media has learned nothing about why Donald Trump is president and nobody trusts them.”
And on and on come the protests from the right. As I often point out when political arguments break out at my own home, everyone is entitled to have their own wrong opinion.
Frankly, I’m not delighted by Biden’s broken promise to avoid pardoning his troubled son Hunter, either. Yet I can’t say I would not have done the same for my own son, especially if it looked — as it appears in Hunter Biden’s case — that he was mainly in trouble because of me.
But let’s get back to Housman’s conceit about "why Donald Trump is president." It has much to do with the immigration issue, which in the spin of the Trump campaign was an edifice built on some truths but also a great deal of half-truths and outright lies.
Accusing Haitian immigrants in Springfield of eating pets had become a Republican talking point before Trump mentioned it in the debate. What apparently started as an unsubstantiated post in a local Facebook group spread through far-right and neo-Nazi social media before being laundered by more mainstream influencers and eventually getting picked up by Vance and then Trump.
For Vance and Trump, the Haitians were a convenient, symbolism-laden group to raise fear and suspicions about immigration and border security reform.
It didn’t matter that the 12,000 to 15,000 Haitians of Springfield were almost all there legally, having been granted Temporary Protected Status, and that many came to the town after being recruited to fill positions the local workforce couldn’t. And of course it didn’t matter that those who spread the stories of pet eating hadn’t made the least attempt to verify the facts.
In fact, after Trump’s ridiculous debate performance against Harris, CNN’s Dana Bash confronted Vance about the patent falsity of the story. His response was an astonishing admission: "If I have to create stories so that the American media actually pays attention to the suffering of the American people, then that’s what I’m going to do…."
So it was a lie, but it was OK because Vance and Trump needed anti-immigrant hysteria front-and-center in election coverage.
Soon after the debate, Springfield was experiencing multiple bomb threats, school closures and growing fear of the sort anyone would feel when their community suddenly is being targeted and terrorized by strangers, spurred by militant fanatics and paranoid conspiracy theorists.
I wish the Haitians well. As a former resident of that part of Ohio whose parents migrated there from Alabama, I was delighted to hear that the migrants apparently had fit peacefully and productively into the area until politics raised its ugly head.
We need to get back to giving newcomers a more proper welcome, but I guess we’ve got to get past another election first.
Behind the “Lie of the Year,” some bitter truths was first published by The Tribune Content Agency, and was republished with permission.
Clarence Page is an American journalist, syndicated columnist, and senior member of the Chicago Tribune editorial board.
©2024 Tribune Content Agency. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.
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