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Avoiding Top 2 Primary Lockouts, Promoting Our Vote, Timely Links
Welcome to the latest edition of The Expand Democracy 3, written this week by Rob Richie with the support of Eveline Dowling and Nivea Krishnan. Every two weeks, we highlight promising pro-democracy ideas and local, national, and global news.
#1. Deep Dive - How California Democrats Could Avoid Top Two Primary Lockouts
The last 5 California governor polls show 2 Republicans ahead. Source: NY Times
Many reformers and thinkers I greatly respect support California’s Top Two system with unified, all-candidate primaries for creating more competition that involves more voters. Others have been deeply skeptical of a system that limits voters to two options when most people vote. But where Top Two is in place, I suspect all would agree it would be best if the November ballot was sure to offer at least one candidate who has the potential support of a majority of voters. That’s not the case today in California and Washington, but Seattle is modeling a solution.
The root of the problem is a voting rule that limits voters to single choice, which reliably works only when voters are limited to two options. We’d never trust ballot measures with single-choice voting where there was one “yes” option pitted against two “no” alternatives. We are quick to call minor parties and independent candidates “spoilers”. Although Top Two’s runoff mechanism is designed to avoid the problem of split votes, it falls short when the majority divides its votes such that none of the candidates it supports advance to the runoff.
This year’s Top Two election for governor of California has so far drawn nine prominent Democrats and two Republicans. The last five public polls all have shown the two Republicans out front even as large majorities of voters prefer one of the Democrats. While analysts like Downballot argue that Democrats will avoid a lockout, I’m more skeptical. It’s hard to force candidates to abandon a plausible chance to win, and the nine Democrats have largely different bases of support without a clear frontrunner.
Far simpler races have experienced majority-party lockouts. In 2016 in Washington state, a state treasurer Top Two race with two Republicans and only three Democrats resulted in a Democratic lockout despite the Democrats winning a majority of primary votes. In 2024, Washington came within 49 votes of Democrats being locked out again in its public lands commissioner race despite its candidates earning 58% of the vote. In 2014, in California’s state controller race, two Republicans together with 45% came within a scant 0.7% of the vote of locking out the three Democrats.
Passed by voters in 2020 and upheld by the legislature and voters ever since, Alaska’s Top Four primary system is a voter-friendly means to prevent general election lockouts of the majority party through advancing four candidates and deciding the November election with ranked choice voting (RCV). Sightline Institute’s Al Vanderklipp detailed the lockout problem and the Alaska solution in a compelling way last October. Even simpler and more inclusive of minor parties would be to do what nearly every city with RCV: hold a single, all-candidate election with RCV.
But some cautious partisans want to see more evidence that RCV works in decisive general elections. For them, there’s an easy fix to the lockout problem that Seattle will pioneer in its Two Two primary next year. Seattle will hold an RCV election in the primary and then advance the top two finishers to the runoff. That brings all the usual positive benefits of RCV to the primary – that is, incentivizing more voter engagement and more substantive campaigns – while always avoiding a lockout of the majority party from the Top Two runoff in November.
Sightline again offers a great analysis of this solution. In November, its executive director Alan Durning detailed the looming problem for Democrats in Washington state, as its two U.S. Senators are both nearing retirement after decades in office, and there is pent-up energy for many Democrats to run. Of course solving the lockout problem isn’t just for Democrats – there are plenty of Republican majority districts in California and Washington where they risk being locked out as well.
Sightline reports that state legislators are preparing legislation to take the Seattle RCV system statewide. Expect California lawmakers to follow.
Note: Last week, House Republicans unveiled their new “Make Elections Great Again” (sic) legislation HB 7300, which is being criticized from across the spectrum for its federal takeover of elections and banning various state innovations. In clear service of coercing voters into a two-party system, it would require single-choice elections in all federal general elections. That would mean no more ranked choice voting in federal elections in Alaska, Maine, and DC, and no chance to consider RCV, approval voting, “STAR” voting, and Condorcet voting in any state. That said, it would not prevent use of RCV in primaries like this proposed use in California.
#2. Spotlight - Think Constitutionally, Act Locally in Service of the Right to Vote
Takoma Park’s right to vote resolution led to it becoming the 1st American city to extend voting rights to 16-year-olds. Source: Vox
When at FairVote, I took great pride in our leadership in lifting up the proposal of a right to vote in the Constitution. It was featured in our ambitious 2003 Claim Democracy conference, and we worked with the Advancement Project and leaders like Jesse Jackson, Jr., Donna Brazile and Jamie Raskin on an amendment bill that one year drew sponsorship of the entire Congressional Black Caucus.. As the right to vote faces new threats, the case for the amendment is all the more compelling, as argued persuasively in law professor Rick Hasen’s important 2024 book A Real Right to Vote: How a Constitutional Amendment Can Safeguard American Democracy.
I was reminded of the importance of working for a right to vote amendment when listening to an interview conducted by my colleague Eveline Dowling for Expand Democracy’s podcast The Democracy Lab. On platforms like Apple Podcasts and Spotify, the Lab deserves a general shoutout, as we’ve had great guests and conversations. Eveline’s conversation with author Jefferson Cowie was no exception. Eveline and Jefferson unpack arguments in his Pulitzer Prize-winning book Freedom’s Dominion, and how calls for “freedom” can mask attacks on human rights and voting rights.
Cowie, in the podcast, returns repeatedly to his belief that Americans should be campaigning for a right to vote in the Constitution. My experience has been that the goal of constitutional change can feel remote to activists in the trenches of current fights to preserve voting rights. But Cowie argues that we must win this basic argument as part of claiming democracy at all levels of government.
As FairVote understandably began to focus on the case for ranked choice voting and proportional representation, other key priorities like the right to vote amendment and the National Popular Vote plan were left to others. But there is one orphaned project that I believe would be exciting for someone to adopt: the Promote Our Vote project that still has an active website, if not an active leader.
The home page details the project’s vision: “It’s time for an intervention: Voters in local elections are not reflective of their communities. Local elections have the lowest voter turnout rates and the highest levels of discrimination. Promote Our Vote gets at the heart of this problem by empowering localities, organizations, and campuses to raise turnout, protect access, and expand suffrage in the spirit of establishing a Constitutional Right to Vote.”
The project called for communities, colleges and organizations to pass a right to vote resolution, explaining: “Resolutions serve as a statement of principle for localities, campuses, organizations and other individuals and communities. A Right to Vote Resolution maintains that voting is a fundamental right in a democracy. It calls for an explicit right to vote in the Constitution and establishes a task force to explore measures that improve voter turnout, protect voter access, and expand suffrage. Resolutions may include support for additional pro-voting policies and practices, but must contain a call for a right to vote in the Constitution and a task force on pro-voting policies and practices.”
My hometown of Takoma Park (MD) passed such a resolution in 2013, and it truly was transformative. In the more elevated place that the resolution inspired, most city councilors drew on their own experience to propose changes that become law. One councilor talked about people saying they couldn’t vote due to a previous felony conviction. Another detailed how hard it was to campaign in large apartment buildings and talk to tenants as much as homeowners. A third talked about how residents getting interested late in the campaign might not be registered to vote. A fourth talked about how city teenagers were often interested in local government, but were too young to vote.
The result was an historical set of actions. Already a pioneer with ranked choice voting and immigrant voting, Takoma Park became the first city in the United States to extend voting rights to 16-year-olds, with data in subsequent elections showing that more 16- and 17-year-olds started voting than all 18-to-29-year-olds combined. Takoma Park extended voting rights also to residents with felony convictions and changed the code to require landlords to offer chances for candidates in all elections to be able to knock doors in apartment buildings. Ultimately, it consolidated its election date with federal and state elections in even years.
Imagine such a Promote Our Vote campaign around the country today: Building support for a right to vote amendment that is more needed than ever, but also generating concrete change in communities, on campuses and within organizations across the country. This orphan is ready for a new parent!
#3. Timely Links
- “Trump Could Interfere With the Midterm Elections. You Can Help Defend Them”: A shared New York Times editorial offers helpful resources and includes: “American elections have never been more reliable or accessible. For every election, thousands of principled election officials painstakingly update voter rolls, mail information to households, train poll workers, oversee voting and transport ballots with a documented chain of custody. Voter fraud is extremely rare, and voter turnout in the past two presidential elections reached higher levels than in any other over the previous century. Yet it would be naïve to assume that the status quo is guaranteed to continue. The sanctity of the 2026 elections is indeed under threat.”
- “Judge blocks additional citizenship provisions in latest setback to Trump’s election executive order”: From the Associated Press – “A federal judge on Friday blocked certain federal agencies from requesting citizenship status when distributing voter registration forms, the latest blow to a wide-ranging executive order on elections President Donald Trump signed last year. U.S. District Judge Colleen Kollar-Kotelly in Washington ruled that the Constitution’s separation of powers, giving states and to an extent Congress authority over setting election rules, are at the heart of the case. ‘Put simply, our Constitution does not allow the President to impose unilateral changes to federal election procedures,’ wrote the judge.”
- “Only 15% of Americans consider spending unlimited amounts of money on political campaigns to be an example of free speech”: From American Promise on its new Ipsos poll – “Our new national poll shows Americans don’t see unlimited campaign spending as free speech — and prefer voters and elected leaders to set the rules on money in politics… 68% of Americans think that wealthy donors have more influence over political candidates and campaigns than they had 10 years ago.”
- “Nine Solutions for Political Corruption”: New Brennan Center report that includes in its introduction -- “This is the first in a series of policy agendas. In coming months, the Brennan Center will offer proposals focusing on voting and representation, executive power, and the federal courts. We will set out ways to strengthen Congress. And we will put forward ideas for constitutional change.”
- “Lexington’s first Civic Assembly to discuss council member pay as part of a city charter review:” From WUKY in Kentucky -- “Over 340 applications were submitted to be part of the assembly, a 36-member group meant to represent a demographically balanced selection of residents. Wednesday, the panel was chosen lottery-style. The goal: reviewing parts of the city’s urban county charter — think of it like the city’s constitution — and delivering recommendations for changes to the city council, which has formally agreed to hear the ideas.”
- “The Problem Isn’t Apathy. It’s about Teaching Students Where Power Lives”: From the Fulcrum -- “ENACT is a national model that empowers college students to learn about democracy by practicing it. Through partnerships with nearly 50 campuses across the country, ENACT students research issues, gain civic skills, and work with policymakers on both sides of the aisle to advance policy solutions in their states.”
- “The Power of Story to Grow Democracy”: “Democracy 2076 and Harmony Labs teamed up to understand how entertainment media might be shaping people’s understanding of democracy. … Here we explore the story arcs and heroes that audiences engage with—inside and outside of government—to identify which ones are most likely to affect people’s beliefs about potential problems, build agency, and help people imagine a better future— steps that ultimately strengthen a democracy.”
- “Inside Democrats’ Brewing Debate Over Which States Should Vote First in 2028”: From the New York Times – “Democratic Party insiders are beginning to puzzle over one of the more consequential decisions for the party’s future: which states should vote first in the 2028 presidential primary elections. …Strategists say the order of states will heavily influence how the primary campaign unfolds — and who ultimately winds up as the face of the Democratic Party in 2028.”
- “State election officials project confidence after FBI search of Georgia elections office”: From Votebeat -- “The FBI’s search of a Fulton County, Georgia, election office, sent shock waves through election offices nationwide that have spent years responding to lawsuits, audits, and investigations driven by President Donald Trump’s false claims about the 2020 election. But state election officials — many of them gathered this week for a national conference — projected confidence afterward, saying their work has already withstood years of scrutiny following the 2020 election, and they have followed federal and state law.”
- Primary Reforms are Popular - And All-Candidate Model in Georgia and Texas Congressional Special Elections: Unite America last week released an Emerson poll that found 71% support requiring states to hold open primaries to unaffiliated voters — including 79% of Democrats, 70% of independents, and 65% of Republicans. Unite America’s top priority is unified, “all-candidate” primaries like Alaska’s Top 4 system, California’s Top 2 system, and Louisiana’s all-candidate state elections (where all go to the general elections, with a runoff if no candidate earns a majority). Notably, Texas just filled a U.S. House seat with all-candidate elections, and Georgia is filling Marjorie Taylor Greene’s vacancy with it as well.
Avoiding Top 2 Primary Lockouts, Promoting Our Vote, Timely Links was first published on The Expand Democracy 3 and was republished with permission.
Rob Richie leads Expand Democracy. As head of FairVote, he created the partisan voting index, designed Alaska’s Top Four system, and advanced the Fair Representation Act, the National Popular Vote, automatic voter registration, and ranked-choice voting.
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Bill Foege: One of Humanity’s Heroes
Enter Bill Foege (pronounced FAY-gee with a hard “g”).
As the New York Times relates in this obituary, Foege was invited to join a World Health Organization project in Africa to eradicate smallpox. Lacking enough of the vaccine to immunize everyone in the area, he came up with a different strategy:
His team identified those infected in the villages, isolated them, and vaccinated everyone who had been in contact with them. They then vaccinated everyone who had been in contact with that second group. As a next step, they vaccinated people who had gathered in primary public places, like markets.
This approach, which became known as “ring vaccination,” was based on Foege’s time fighting wildfires in the American West — attack the fire and clear out fire lines around the fire to prevent it from spreading. In 1973, he was assigned to contain the last pockets of smallpox in India, where he applied the same strategy to great effect. In 1980, the WHO declared smallpox the first disease ever to be eradicated.
Foege served as director of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from 1977 until 1983. He was recruited in 1984 to lead a global health initiative called the Task Force for Child Survival, based in Atlanta, whose primary mission was to increase immunization rates for childhood diseases. Six years later, the rate for children receiving at least one vaccine rose from 15 percent to 80 percent.
Dr. William Foege receives the Presidential Medal of Freedom from Barack Obama in 2012. (White House photo)
A few years later, Foege was also named to be director of the just-opened Carter Presidential Center. This was the point where our paths crossed. I was a volunteer with RESULTS, an advocacy organization working to end hunger and poverty. We lobbied Congress to increase U.S. funding for child survival activities around the world. Part of those efforts included increasing public awareness about the 40,000 children in the world who were dying each day from preventable causes and what could be about that.
Each year in December, UNICEF released a report called “The State of the World’s Children,” and RESULTS chapters around the country organized press conferences to publicize the report. Living in Atlanta, I had access to one of the world’s leading public health experts, someone who could also provide a media-friendly venue, the Carter Center. Foege’s participation ensured the report would get the kind of coverage it deserved. In these pre-Internet times, I would deliver a draft of the report to Foege a few days before its launch. He would pore over the report, and at press conference time, deliver a 10-minute briefing followed by a Q&A.
To entice television coverage, we needed a visual element, and one year, I shamelessly used my almost-four-year-old son, Cameron, who received his MMR booster from our pediatrician at the event. Another visual was Blaze, the 1996 Paralympic mascot designed by my friend Trevor Irvin, which had been introduced to the public in 1994.
After Foege presented the report, Cameron received his booster shot. He was fine until he saw the needle and started crying. After the shot, he was still crying, and Blaze came over, picked him up, and comforted him. We hadn’t planned it, but that was the made-for-TV moment that got on the 6 o’clock news.
Despite his achievements, Foege was one of the most self-effacing people I ever met, eschewing the spotlight and giving credit for his accomplishments to the teams of people he worked with.
Thanks in large part to Bill Foege, we live in a world where far fewer people, particularly children, die from the preventable causes that were rampant when he started his work in the 1960s. For that, he was honored in 2012 with the Presidential Medal of Freedom.
Unfortunately, ignorant, misguided and malevolent characters are undoing progress that was decades in the making by dismantling USAID, the agency that distributes health resources responsible for saving millions of lives.
Bill Foege, one of humanity’s true heroes, leaves us at a very perilous time. It is our job now to carry on with his life-saving work.