Generative artificial intelligence has already reshaped industries such as computer programming, retail, and manufacturing. In medicine, however, fears of clinical error have slowed adoption.
At present, two-thirds of doctors report using GenAI tools in practice, though half insist that stronger safeguards are needed.
This split — between physicians eager to adopt AI and those wary of its risks — took center stage in a recent episode of HBO’s The Pitt, set in a fictional Pittsburgh emergency department.
In the episode (titled “8:00 A.M.”), protagonist Dr. Michael “Robby” Rabinovitch is a veteran emergency physician wary of new technology. Dr. Baran Al-Hashimi, his temporary replacement, is more enthusiastic.
She introduces an AI documentation tool called Ambient Listening to streamline charting. The application saves time and impresses residents. Then it misidentifies a medication, an error that could have had serious consequences had another physician not caught it.
I’ve written extensively about generative AI’s impact on medicine and found the episode riveting. While the show accurately captured the tension between AI’s advocates and skeptics in medicine, what it left out was even more significant than what it portrayed.
What The Pitt gets right about AI in medicine
The Pitt correctly depicts that many clinicians remain fearful of this powerful, new technology.
In addition to fears that AI will make a mistake that injures a patient, doctors also worry that it will grow too powerful, eventually overriding clinical judgment and diminishing the physician’s role. Both anxieties are reasonable, and together they’ve slowed the adoption of generative AI.
In most hospitals, generative AI has been limited to administrative work: listening to patient encounters, drafting notes for the electronic medical record, summarizing charts, and assisting with billing and coding tasks. Despite the hype, only the most advanced health systems are deploying AI to help doctors and patients diagnose and develop treatment plans.
In that sense, the show gets the central dynamic right. Generative AI in medicine is neither universally embraced as perfect nor completely dismissed as useless. Instead, it has been adopted cautiously in areas unlikely to affect clinical outcomes.
What The Pitt gets wrong about AI in medicine
In one scene, Dr. Al-Hashimi assures her colleagues that the AI system is “98% accurate.” But without context, that figure is deeply misleading.
Accuracy depends on what’s being measured. If Al-Hashimi meant that AI avoids 98% of minor documentation errors, then that figure grossly overstates its performance. But if that statistic means AI makes dangerous errors 2% of the time, there’s no evidence to support that assertion either.
The episode’s biggest error is overstating human performance compared to technological outcomes. When Al-Hashimi tells her colleagues the technology is “excellent, but not perfect” and therefore must always be overseen by a human, she implies clinicians rarely make mistakes. That assumption is grossly inaccurate.
Misdiagnoses contribute to nearly 400,000 American deaths annually, with another 250,000 fatalities linked to preventable medical errors. Studies show that at least half of electronic health records contain at least one mistake, and many are perpetuated when busy physicians copy and paste prior patient notes.
The key question isn’t whether generative AI is flawless. It’s whether it outperforms clinicians working alone. Even a modest drop in misdiagnoses and preventable harm would save tens of thousands of lives each year.
What The Pitt leaves out entirely
The episode focuses on current tensions with GenAI. What it omits is where this technology is headed.
Already, in head-to-head diagnostic comparisons, generative AI performs at levels comparable to human clinicians.
And as tools improve rapidly, the debate will soon shift. The question will no longer be whether GenAI belongs in medicine, but how to deploy it most effectively.
Its greatest impact is unlikely to be in emergency rooms and hospitals. It will be in helping to manage tens of millions of Americans living with chronic disease.
CDC data show that better control of hypertension and diabetes could prevent up to half of heart attacks, strokes, and kidney failure. Today, patients with these illnesses are seen only a few times a year, which helps explain why hypertension is effectively controlled in only half of Americans. Diabetes control rates are even lower.
GenAI can analyze data from home blood pressure cuffs, glucose monitors, and wearables, enabling earlier medication adjustments and timelier treatments. Instead of waiting for a patient’s next office appointment or crisis, clinicians will be able to intervene when warning signs appear. More continuous monitoring has allowed some U.S. health systems to achieve control rates near 90%.
Superior quality at lower costs is the desired future that The Pitt does not explore. The central debate going forward will not be doctors versus machines. It will be how doctors and technology partner for the benefit of patients. Ultimately, the combination of dedicated clinicians, empowered patients, and generative AI will yield clinical outcomes exponentially better than any one of the three alone.
Robert Pearl, the author of “ChatGPT, MD,” teaches at both the Stanford University School of Medicine and the Stanford Graduate School of Business. He is a former CEO of The Permanente Medical Group.
Demonstrators rally outside the U.S. Supreme Court as justices hear oral arguments on whether President Donald Trump can deny citizenship to children born to parents who are in the United States illegally or temporarily, on Capitol Hill, in Washington, Wednesday, April 1, 2026. (AP Photo/Mariam Zuhaib)
Luz Angela Nuñez with her daughter Aisha Quershi Nuñez at their home in College Point, Queens. Photo: Mia Anzalone for Documented.
Kimberly Alvarez, 25, with her daughter Evangeline and her husband John Alvarez in Medellin, Colombia. Photo courtesy of Kimberly Alvarez.Alvarez arrived in New York City in February 2024 with her husband John Alvarez as asylum seekers from Venezuela. In April 2025, Alvarez found out she was pregnant with her first child, a baby girl. Her first reaction, she said, was fear.“How am I going to keep her alive?” she said. “That’s what I was thinking. ‘How am I going to be able to take care of her?’”At the beginning of Alvarez’s pregnancy, she said she was aware of the immigration enforcement occurring around the country, but vowed not to let it deter her from showing up to her doctor’s appointments.“When you went out, you were always on alert because you didn’t know if [ICE] might be around. I never saw anything suspicious,” Alvarez said. “But of course, you feel scared.”In October, when Alvarez was six months pregnant, her husband was detained by ICE agents at 26 Federal Plaza. When the immediate shock wore off, she obsessively checked the Online Detainee Locator System to find out where her husband went. A day later, she discovered that he was being kept at Delaney Hall detention center in New Jersey. Alvarez quickly set up an account to pay for phone calls, and every two days, she would pay about $10 for a one-hour call, updating her husband about the baby, her appointments and how she was doing.“Crying was the only way for me to release the tension,” said Alvarez, who worried that her lack of sleep and bad diet were impacting her baby. “Crying was the only way for me to release the tension.”—Kimberly AlvarezThat tension built up day by day, week by week following her husband’s arrest. Alvarez had stopped her work as a cleaner in the neighborhood’s synagogues two weeks before her husband’s detention because of her pregnancy. The plan, she said, was to rely solely on his income as a maintenance worker for “the food, the rent, everything.” Left with few choices, Kimberley had to rely on her mother’s income as a cleaner. The older woman had moved to New York from North Carolina to assist with Alvarez’s pregnancy. “I feel like I’m supposed to help my mom, not the other way around,” Alvarez said. “I felt powerless because I couldn’t do anything.”On Dec. 9, Alvarez gave birth to a daughter, Evangeline. While her baby was healthy, Alvarez’s anxieties did not go away. While she returned to cleaning synagogues a few months after Evangeline’s birth to help make ends meet, Alvarez and her daughter rarely left home. Alvarez said she felt paralyzed, getting frequent alerts from a neighborhood WhatsApp group when ICE was spotted nearby. One day, she said, ICE arrested her friend’s husband in Sunset Park, in an area where she would sometimes take Evangeline for walks.“I’m so afraid that I’ll go out and run into one of them and that they’ll take her away from me,” Alvarez said. “That’s my biggest fear, that someone will take her away from me and I won’t know where my daughter is.”In March, her husband decided to voluntarily remove himself from the United States and move back to Colombia, where he is originally from. It was a family decision, but it was not a happy one — hiring immigration lawyers was too expensive, Alvarez said, adding that staying in the U.S. felt too uncertain. 
